2.1. Understand Cultural Differences. Readings

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory

Theoretical frameworks, such as Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory (Hofstede, n.d.), explain how cultures vary across different countries. Hofstede’s theory helps to understand the differences between national cultures, the various aspects of culture, how they influence behaviour, and how to communicate effectively with others in different contexts. Alqarni (2022) summarizes evidence linking these dimensions to different learning behaviours and styles: for example, collectivistic students often prefer collaborative tasks, and students from cultures with high power distance may prefer a structured, teacher-centred learning environment. Understanding how cultural values shape educational behaviours offers invaluable insights for lecturers working in increasingly diverse classrooms. 

The Hofstede model comprises six dimensions:

1. Power Distance, related to the different solutions to the basic problem of human inequality. 
2. Uncertainty Avoidance, related to the level of stress in a society in the face of an unknown future.
3. Individualism versus Collectivism, related to the integration of individuals into primary groups. 
4. Masculinity versus Femininity, related to the division of emotional roles between women and men.
5. Long Term versus Short Term Orientation, related to the choice of focus for people's efforts: the future or the present and past. 
6. Indulgence versus Restraint, related to the gratification versus control of basic human desires related to enjoying life.) (Hofstede, 2011, 7-8).