Cultural identity evolves through daily communication, interactions, and the fulfilment of social roles. According to Chen and Lin (2016) and Altugan (2015), cultural identity is a multifaceted and dynamic construct that encompasses a group's shared beliefs, values, traditions, and practices. It forms a foundational element of personal identity and social belonging. Influenced by factors such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, and socio-economic background, cultural identity significantly shapes how individuals view themselves and their roles within society. Students’ perspectives on academic success, feedback, and knowledge and skills acquisition are shaped by cultural models of learning and authority. 

In some cultures, feedback is expected to be indirect to maintain harmony; in others, direct and critical feedback is considered essential for growth (Gálvez-López, 2023). Social Identity Theory and Cultural Capital Theory provide valuable insights into how cultural identity influences students’ educational experiences. Social Identity Theory explains that students’ alignment with their cultural groups affects their sense of belonging and motivation in school, key factors in academic success (Tajfel & Turner, 1986). This highlights the need for inclusive classrooms that affirm diverse identities.

Cultural Capital Theory, introduced by Bourdieu (1986), reveals how differences in students’ cultural resources such as language, norms, or social connections, can create systemic inequalities. Recognizing and valuing these diverse forms of capital allows lecturers to design more equitable learning environments. These theories emphasise the importance of culturally responsive teaching and institutional reflection in ensuring that all students are supported and empowered.